Tailor-made steel pipes are the backbone of the Nord Stream pipeline

Plant: Since 8 November provides the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline
from Russia directly to Germany. Before Chancellor Angela Merkel and
Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, the first of future two-leg was put
into operation, equipment and machinery manufacturers were required to
bring maximum benefits for the construction of 1224 km long pipeline.
For the large-diameter pipes are provided for customized high-tech
products.
VDI news, Düsseldorf, 25 11th 11, Si
The Nord Stream pipeline will continue to be with their two strands
each of length 1224 km one of the longest underwater pipelines in the
world. You should have a total annual transport capacity of about 55
billion m3 of natural gas. When fully commissioned in the next year,
the pipeline will connect the major gas reserves in Russia with the
European gas pipeline network. Both strands of 200 000 pipes with 1153
mm internal diameter and wall thickness between 26.8 mm and 41 mm are
required. Only the German manufacturers were responsible for the
production of about 140 000 tubes.
Pipes will be increasingly produced from high-strength steels such as
X65 and X100, the technical term for the strength of pipe grades. The
advantages: The pipes are significantly more resistant to
environmental influences. And they can be operated with a larger
internal pressure. At full capacity of the Nord Stream pipeline, the
pres...

vanadium books

The first comprehensive resource on the chemistry of vanadium, Vanadium: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Practical Applications has evolved from over a quarter century of research that concentrated on delineating the aqueous coordination reactions that characterize the vanadium(V) oxidation state. The authors distill information on biological processes needed to understand vanadium effects in biological systems and make this information accessible to a wide range of readers, including chemists without extensive biological training.
Building a hierarchy of complexity, the book provides a discussion of some basic principles of ⁵¹V NMR spectroscopy followed by a description of the self-condensation reactions of vanadium itself. The authors delineate reactions with simple monodentate ligands and then proceed to more complicated systems such as diols, a-hydroxy acids, amino acids, peptides, to name just a few. They revisit aspects of this sequence later, but first highlight the influence the electronic properties of ligands have on coordination and reactivity. They then compare and contrast the influences of ligands, particularly those of hydrogen peroxide and hydro-xylamine, on heteroligand reactivity.
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Primary sources documented after each chapter minimize the need to search the literature, 80 illustrations provide structural information, reaction schemes, spectra, speciation diagrams, and biochemical schemes, and 22 tables present detailed information with references to primary sources. Packed with cur

ferro vanadium

In the future this blog will display information on ferro vanadium.